(US20200353423) 1. A polymer material, characterized in that the polymer material is formed by phase inversion of a polymer compound containing an ionizable hydrophilic group and ionization of the hydrophilic group contained, the phase inversion and the ionization are completed in one step, or the ionization is conducted in the alkaline solution after the phase inversion, and concurrently the polymer material has a static contact angle of greater than 140° and an adhesive force of less than 10 μN with respect to an oil phase system in water. 2. The polymer material according to claim 1, characterized in that the ionization of the hydrophilic group of the polymer compound is conducted after the polymer compound is fully immersed by an alkaline solution. 3. (canceled) 4. The polymer material according to claim 1, characterized in that a solvent contained in the alkaline solution is a poor solvent to the polymer compound. 5-6. (canceled) 7. The polymer material according to claim 1, characterized in that the polymer compound comprises an aliphatic polymer or aromatic polymer at least modified with any one or two or more of a sulfonate group, a phosphate group, a carboxyl group, an amido group, an alcoholic hydroxyl group, a quaternary ammonium salt, an amino group, an alcoholic amino group, and a cyano group. 8. The polymer material according to claim 7, characterized in that the aliphatic polymer comprises any one of or a copolymer of two or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyhexafluoropropylene, or, the aromatic polymer comprises any one of or a copolymer of two or more of polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polypyrrolone, polypyrrole, and polycarbazole. 9. (canceled) 10. The polymer material according to claim 7, characterized in that the polymer compound is selected from any one of or a combination of two or more of sulfonated polyether sulfone, diethanolamine-grafted polycarbazole, polyacrylonitrile, methylimidazole-modified polyphenyl ether, polyacrylamide-grafted polystyrene-stilbene copolymer, phosphate-grafted polyether ketone, polyacrylate-grafted polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylsulfonate-grafted polyether sulfone, polyacrylate-grafted polycarbonate, and polymaleic anhydride-grafted polyvinylidene fluoride. 11-12. (canceled) 13. A membrane or coating consisting of the polymer material of claim 1. 14. The membrane or coating according to claim 13, characterized in that the membrane or coating is a porous membrane, porous coating or poreless coating. 15. A membrane or coating preparation method, characterized by comprising the following steps: providing a polymer compound solution in which a polymer compound containing an ionizable hydrophilic group is comprised; coating or immersing a substrate with the polymer compound solution so that the polymer compound is coated or adsorbed onto the substrate to form a polymer compound layer; fully immersing the polymer compound layer with the alkaline solution to implement phase inversion of the polymer compound while enabling ionization of the hydrophilic group in the polymer compound, thereby forming the membrane or coating on the substrate, or performing wet phase inversion on the polymer compound in the polymer compound layer and then fully immersing the polymer compound layer with the alkaine solution to ionize the hydrophilic group in the polymer compound, thereby forming the membrane or coating on the substrate. 16. (canceled) 17. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that a solvent contained in the alkaline solution is a poor solvent to the polymer compound. 18-19. (canceled) 20. The preparation method according to claim 15, characterized in that the polymer compound comprises an aliphatic polymer or aromatic polymer at least modified with any one or two or more of a sulfonate group, a phosphate group, a carboxyl group, an amido group, an alcoholic hydroxyl group, a quaternary ammonium salt, an amino group, an alcoholic amino group, and a cyano group. 21. The preparation method according to claim 20, characterized in that the aliphatic polymer comprises any one of or a copolymer of two or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyhexafluoropropylene, or the aromatic polymer comprises any one of or a copolymer of two or more of polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polypyrrolone, polypyrrole, and polycarbazole. 22. (canceled) 23. The preparation method according to claim 20, characterized in that the polymer compound is selected from any one of or a combination of two or more of sulfonated polyether sulfone, diethanolamine-grafted polycarbazole, polyacrylonitrile, methylimidazole-modified polyphenyl ether, polyacrylamide-grafted polystyrene-stilbene copolymer, phosphate-grafted polyether ketone, polyacrylate-grafted polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylsulfonate-grafted polyether sulfone, polyacrylate-grafted polycarbonate, and polymaleic anhydride-grafted polyvinylidene fluoride. 24-26. (canceled) 27. An application of the polymer material of claim 1 and the membrane or coating of claim 13 to preparation of an oil-water separation structure, an oil-repellent coating structure, an underwater high-viscosity oil collecting device, a dye separation device, a protein separation device, a heavy metal ion separation device, a food processing device, a blood treatment device, or a waste water treatment device. 28. An oil-water separation device, characterized by comprising: an oil-water separation membrane formed from the polymer material of claim 1, or, an oil-water separation element, comprising a substrate which at least has a local surface covered with a coating formed from the polymer material of claim 1, wherein a pore channel allowing a water phase in an oil-water mixture to pass and blocking an oil phase is formed in the oil-water separation membrane or the oil-water separation element, and the pore channel at least has a local pore wall formed from the polymer material, the oil-water mixture comprises a non-emulsified oil-water mixture or oil-water emulsion; and a support structure, which is fixedly connected to the oil-water separation membrane or the oil-water separation element. 29-32. (canceled) 33. An underwater high-viscosity oil collecting device, characterized by comprising: an oil-water separation membrane formed from the polymer material of claim 1, or, an oil-water separation element, comprising a substrate which at least has a local surface covered with a coating formed from the polymer material of claim 1, wherein a pore channel allowing water or a water solution to pass and retaining oil is formed in the oil-water separation membrane or the oil-water separation element, and the pore channel at least has a local pore wall formed from the polymer material; and preferably, the pore channel has a pore size of more than 0 and less than 500 μm; a support structure, which is fixedly connected to the oil-water separation membrane or the oil-water separation element; and an accommodation space at least for accommodating the oil retained by the oil-water separation membrane or the oil-water separation element. 34-37. (canceled) 38. A micro-filtration device, comprising: a micro-filtration membrane formed from the polymer material of claim 1, or, a micro-filtration element, comprising a substrate which at least has a local surface covered with a coating formed from the polymer material of claim 1, wherein a micro-filtration channel is formed in the micro-filtration membrane or the micro-filtration element, and at least has a local inner wall formed from the polymer material; and preferably, the micro-filtration channel has a pore size of 0.01 μm-500 μm. 39. An ultra-filtration device, comprising: an ultra-filtration membrane formed from the polymer material of claim 1, or, an ultra-filtration element, comprising a substrate which at least has a local surface covered with a coating formed from the polymer material of claim 1, wherein an ultra-filtration channel is formed in the ultra-filtration membrane or the ultra-filtration element, and at least has a local inner wall formed from the polymer material; and preferably, the ultra-filtration channel has a pore size of 0.002 μm-0.1 μm. 40. A nano-filtration device, comprising: a nano-filtration membrane formed from the polymer material of claim 1, or, a nano-filtration element, comprising a substrate which at least has a local surface covered with a coating formed from the polymer material of claim 1, wherein a nano-filtration channel is formed in the nano-filtration membrane or the nano-filtration element, and at least has a local inner wall formed from the polymer material; and preferably, the nano-filtration channel has a pore size of more than 0 and less than 0.002 μm.
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